.. _sphx_glr_beginner_transfer_learning_tutorial.py: Transfer Learning tutorial ========================== **Author**: `Sasank Chilamkurthy `_ In this tutorial, you will learn how to train your network using transfer learning. You can read more about the transfer learning at `cs231n notes `__ Quoting this notes, In practice, very few people train an entire Convolutional Network from scratch (with random initialization), because it is relatively rare to have a dataset of sufficient size. Instead, it is common to pretrain a ConvNet on a very large dataset (e.g. ImageNet, which contains 1.2 million images with 1000 categories), and then use the ConvNet either as an initialization or a fixed feature extractor for the task of interest. These two major transfer learning scenarios looks as follows: - **Finetuning the convnet**: Instead of random initializaion, we initialize the network with a pretrained network, like the one that is trained on imagenet 1000 dataset. Rest of the training looks as usual. - **ConvNet as fixed feature extractor**: Here, we will freeze the weights for all of the network except that of the final fully connected layer. This last fully connected layer is replaced with a new one with random weights and only this layer is trained. .. code-block:: python # License: BSD # Author: Sasank Chilamkurthy from __future__ import print_function, division import torch import torch.nn as nn import torch.optim as optim from torch.optim import lr_scheduler from torch.autograd import Variable import numpy as np import torchvision from torchvision import datasets, models, transforms import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import time import os plt.ion() # interactive mode Load Data --------- We will use torchvision and torch.utils.data packages for loading the data. The problem we're going to solve today is to train a model to classify **ants** and **bees**. We have about 120 training images each for ants and bees. There are 75 validation images for each class. Usually, this is a very small dataset to generalize upon, if trained from scratch. Since we are using transfer learning, we should be able to generalize reasonably well. This dataset is a very small subset of imagenet. .. Note :: Download the data from `here `_ and extract it to the current directory. .. code-block:: python # Data augmentation and normalization for training # Just normalization for validation data_transforms = { 'train': transforms.Compose([ transforms.RandomSizedCrop(224), transforms.RandomHorizontalFlip(), transforms.ToTensor(), transforms.Normalize([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225]) ]), 'val': transforms.Compose([ transforms.Scale(256), transforms.CenterCrop(224), transforms.ToTensor(), transforms.Normalize([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225]) ]), } data_dir = 'hymenoptera_data' image_datasets = {x: datasets.ImageFolder(os.path.join(data_dir, x), data_transforms[x]) for x in ['train', 'val']} dataloders = {x: torch.utils.data.DataLoader(image_datasets[x], batch_size=4, shuffle=True, num_workers=4) for x in ['train', 'val']} dataset_sizes = {x: len(image_datasets[x]) for x in ['train', 'val']} class_names = image_datasets['train'].classes use_gpu = torch.cuda.is_available() Visualize a few images ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Let's visualize a few training images so as to understand the data augmentations. .. code-block:: python def imshow(inp, title=None): """Imshow for Tensor.""" inp = inp.numpy().transpose((1, 2, 0)) mean = np.array([0.485, 0.456, 0.406]) std = np.array([0.229, 0.224, 0.225]) inp = std * inp + mean plt.imshow(inp) if title is not None: plt.title(title) plt.pause(0.001) # pause a bit so that plots are updated # Get a batch of training data inputs, classes = next(iter(dataloders['train'])) # Make a grid from batch out = torchvision.utils.make_grid(inputs) imshow(out, title=[class_names[x] for x in classes]) Training the model ------------------ Now, let's write a general function to train a model. Here, we will illustrate: - Scheduling the learning rate - Saving the best model In the following, parameter ``scheduler`` is an LR scheduler object from ``torch.optim.lr_scheduler``. .. code-block:: python def train_model(model, criterion, optimizer, scheduler, num_epochs=25): since = time.time() best_model_wts = model.state_dict() best_acc = 0.0 for epoch in range(num_epochs): print('Epoch {}/{}'.format(epoch, num_epochs - 1)) print('-' * 10) # Each epoch has a training and validation phase for phase in ['train', 'val']: if phase == 'train': scheduler.step() model.train(True) # Set model to training mode else: model.train(False) # Set model to evaluate mode running_loss = 0.0 running_corrects = 0 # Iterate over data. for data in dataloders[phase]: # get the inputs inputs, labels = data # wrap them in Variable if use_gpu: inputs = Variable(inputs.cuda()) labels = Variable(labels.cuda()) else: inputs, labels = Variable(inputs), Variable(labels) # zero the parameter gradients optimizer.zero_grad() # forward outputs = model(inputs) _, preds = torch.max(outputs.data, 1) loss = criterion(outputs, labels) # backward + optimize only if in training phase if phase == 'train': loss.backward() optimizer.step() # statistics running_loss += loss.data[0] running_corrects += torch.sum(preds == labels.data) epoch_loss = running_loss / dataset_sizes[phase] epoch_acc = running_corrects / dataset_sizes[phase] print('{} Loss: {:.4f} Acc: {:.4f}'.format( phase, epoch_loss, epoch_acc)) # deep copy the model if phase == 'val' and epoch_acc > best_acc: best_acc = epoch_acc best_model_wts = model.state_dict() print() time_elapsed = time.time() - since print('Training complete in {:.0f}m {:.0f}s'.format( time_elapsed // 60, time_elapsed % 60)) print('Best val Acc: {:4f}'.format(best_acc)) # load best model weights model.load_state_dict(best_model_wts) return model Visualizing the model predictions ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Generic function to display predictions for a few images .. code-block:: python def visualize_model(model, num_images=6): images_so_far = 0 fig = plt.figure() for i, data in enumerate(dataloders['val']): inputs, labels = data if use_gpu: inputs, labels = Variable(inputs.cuda()), Variable(labels.cuda()) else: inputs, labels = Variable(inputs), Variable(labels) outputs = model(inputs) _, preds = torch.max(outputs.data, 1) for j in range(inputs.size()[0]): images_so_far += 1 ax = plt.subplot(num_images//2, 2, images_so_far) ax.axis('off') ax.set_title('predicted: {}'.format(class_names[preds[j]])) imshow(inputs.cpu().data[j]) if images_so_far == num_images: return Finetuning the convnet ---------------------- Load a pretrained model and reset final fully connected layer. .. code-block:: python model_ft = models.resnet18(pretrained=True) num_ftrs = model_ft.fc.in_features model_ft.fc = nn.Linear(num_ftrs, 2) if use_gpu: model_ft = model_ft.cuda() criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss() # Observe that all parameters are being optimized optimizer_ft = optim.SGD(model_ft.parameters(), lr=0.001, momentum=0.9) # Decay LR by a factor of 0.1 every 7 epochs exp_lr_scheduler = lr_scheduler.StepLR(optimizer_ft, step_size=7, gamma=0.1) Train and evaluate ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ It should take around 15-25 min on CPU. On GPU though, it takes less than a minute. .. code-block:: python model_ft = train_model(model_ft, criterion, optimizer_ft, exp_lr_scheduler, num_epochs=25) .. code-block:: python visualize_model(model_ft) ConvNet as fixed feature extractor ---------------------------------- Here, we need to freeze all the network except the final layer. We need to set ``requires_grad == False`` to freeze the parameters so that the gradients are not computed in ``backward()``. You can read more about this in the documentation `here `__. .. code-block:: python model_conv = torchvision.models.resnet18(pretrained=True) for param in model_conv.parameters(): param.requires_grad = False # Parameters of newly constructed modules have requires_grad=True by default num_ftrs = model_conv.fc.in_features model_conv.fc = nn.Linear(num_ftrs, 2) if use_gpu: model_conv = model_conv.cuda() criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss() # Observe that only parameters of final layer are being optimized as # opoosed to before. optimizer_conv = optim.SGD(model_conv.fc.parameters(), lr=0.001, momentum=0.9) # Decay LR by a factor of 0.1 every 7 epochs exp_lr_scheduler = lr_scheduler.StepLR(optimizer_conv, step_size=7, gamma=0.1) Train and evaluate ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ On CPU this will take about half the time compared to previous scenario. This is expected as gradients don't need to be computed for most of the network. However, forward does need to be computed. .. code-block:: python model_conv = train_model(model_conv, criterion, optimizer_conv, exp_lr_scheduler, num_epochs=25) .. code-block:: python visualize_model(model_conv) plt.ioff() plt.show() **Total running time of the script:** ( 0 minutes 0.000 seconds) .. container:: sphx-glr-footer .. container:: sphx-glr-download :download:`Download Python source code: transfer_learning_tutorial.py ` .. container:: sphx-glr-download :download:`Download Jupyter notebook: transfer_learning_tutorial.ipynb ` .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-signature `Generated by Sphinx-Gallery `_